LOW SPERM COUNT AND ITS SOLUTIONS

LOW SPERM COUNT

Definition-Low sperm count is one cause of male infertility. Although it takes only a single sperm to fertilize an egg (ovum), the odds of a single sperm reaching the egg are very low. For this reason, having a low sperm count decreases your chance of getting your partner pregnant.

The lower your sperm count, the more likely you'll have trouble fathering a child. But treatments for male infertility related to low sperm count can help. Urologists are skilled in evaluating men with fertility problems and can recommend treatment.

In addition to evaluating and treating male fertility problems such as low sperm count, your doctor may also suggest treating your female partner to increase her fertility. This can help compensate for male infertility. If other treatments aren't effective, artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization can be used to produce a pregnancy when low sperm count is a factor.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
For most men, the only sign of low sperm count men is the inability to conceive a child (infertility). A couple is considered infertile if they're unable to conceive after one year of regular intercourse. If sperm production is impaired by an underlying hormonal problem, you may have other signs such as decreased facial or body hair or problems with sexual function.

CAUSES
* Varicocele. This is a swollen vein inside the scrotum that can affect sperm production. This common cause of male infertility can be repaired with minor surgery.
* Damaged sperm ducts. Inherited conditions, infections, surgeries or injuries can damage the delicate duct system that carries sperm from the testicles into the penis.
* Anti-sperm antibodies. Men who have anti-sperm antibodies have an immune system response that attacks their own sperm. Common in men who have had a vasectomy reversal, this condition can also be caused by other problems such as an injury or infection.
* Problems with sperm production. These issues can be caused by a genetic (inherited) condition such as Klinefelter's syndrome or a hormonal disorder such as a health problem that affects the pituitary gland in your brain. If you have an inherited condition, you're more likely to have complete lack of sperm in your semen (azoospermia).

RISK FACTORS
Factors that increase your risk of low sperm count include:

* Genetic or hormonal problems. Certain health conditions affect sperm production, such as Klinefelter's syndrome or a problem with hormone production.
* Substance abuse. Sperm count can be reduced by use of illegal drugs such as cocaine or marijuana.
* Smoking. Smoking cigarettes affects sperm production. Secondhand smoke may also lower sperm count.
* Being overweight. Being obese has been shown to cause hormonal changes that affect sperm production.
* Exposure to environmental toxins. Exposure to radiation therapy, certain chemicals, heat and some medications can temporarily reduce sperm production.
* Cancer treatment. Radiation treatment and chemotherapy can hamper sperm production.
* Certain surgeries or injuries. Surgeries or injuries that affect the testicles or glands that produce hormones can affect sperm production.

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS
Treatments for low sperm count include:

* Varicocele repair. Varicoceles are a common cause of male infertility. A swollen vein in the scrotum, a varicocele can cause reduced sperm count and abnormally shaped sperm. Surgical treatment to repair a varicocele can improve the sperm count and increase the chances for a pregnancy.
* Hormone replacement. If the hypothalamus or pituitary glands in your brain aren't producing normal hormone levels, your doctor may recommend hormone treatment (gonadotropin injections). In some cases, it can take up to a year of regular injections to achieve normal fertility.
* Treating infections. If a blood test reveals high numbers of white blood cells, you may have an infection of the reproductive tract that affects sperm production. Antibiotic treatment may cure the infection, but may not restore fertility.

Assistive reproductive techniques. Also called ARTs, these procedures are an effective treatment for men with a low sperm count, because only a small number of sperm are needed. ARTs include:

* In vitro fertilization (IVF). During IVF, the female partner receives daily hormone injections for five to 12 days to stimulate egg production in the ovaries. When the eggs are mature, they're removed from the ovaries and combined with sperm in the laboratory. Fertilized eggs are placed into the woman's uterus.
* Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Used along with IVF, this procedure is used to inject a single sperm from the male partner into the female egg.

PREVENTION
* Don't smoke. Smoking can damage sperm and interfere with sperm production and libido. Secondhand smoke also may cause low sperm count.
* Avoid excessive drinking. Excessive alcohol consumption (more than two drinks a day for men) has been shown to reduce sperm production and affect libido.
* Steer clear of illegal drugs. Drugs including anabolic steroids, marijuana and cocaine can all affect sperm production and libido.
* Keep the weight off. Obesity is linked to decreased sperm production.
* Don't get a vasectomy. If there's any possibility you may want to father a child in the future, use other methods of birth control. Even though vasectomies can sometimes be reversed, you may have a reduced sperm count.
* Keep cool. Avoid hot tubs, saunas and other sources of sustained heat, which can temporarily reduce sperm count. Tight underwear and sitting for long periods or using a laptop computer also may increase scrotal temperature.

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